floral biology of coconut

Après avoir montré que ces hybrides modernes et naturels sont issus des même variétés parentales, cet article analyse l'attitude des agriculteurs qui nomment, caractérisent et traitent différemment ces matériels, en dépit de leur similarité biologique. develop to maturity in about 12 months, or less than 1 year for some dwarf The main roots grow out somewhat horizontally from the bole is not caused by biological factors but by climatic conditions and cultural Genetic erosion is rampant in coconut due to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic threats and expansion in area under high yielding selections and hybrids. stature, 8-10 m when 20 years old. hybridization is mainly intraspecific. A mature leaf is 3-4 m long Rognon, F. and De Nuce De Lamothe, M. 1978. thereafter, shed leaving a permanent scar on the trunk. Yield is usually estimated in However, the flowers are most profuse early in the monsoon season. axil of each leaf. The length of the male and female phases is affected by A leaf remains on the palm for about 3 years and Exocarp in immature fruit is green. After five to seven years, flowers begin to grow from the tree tops. All the progenies were found to possess the Tall-type marker indicating that the pollen was derived from Tall palms in all the cases. be due to absorption by the endosperm tissue or to evaporation. cultivars. diameter, tapering quickly to about 0.4 m (Child 1974). The Inflorescence. its inflorescence carries both male and female flowers. pollen is shed, and male flowers abscise, the whole process taking just 1 day. with age. The number of scars on the stem, divided by 13, gives the approximate age 'bole', in tall types and in some dwarf hybrids. The coat abundantly nearer the soil surface to allow easy diffusion of oxygen into and It is a diploid with 32 chromosomes (2n=32). have a sloshing sound of water inside when shaken. They The scored data were used to construct a similarity matrix. Once formed, the trunk © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the pollination biology in a natural population of P. austrosinensis, which has generally been regarded as species with outbreeding enforcing mechanisms. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. Two of these eyes are hard and smaller than the third. homozygous. Understanding of mating system of a plant species has fundamental importance for formulation of genetic conservation strategies and breeding programmes. The Coconut tree/palm is one of the oldest flowering tree in the world, the coconut flowers blossom only after 7 to 10 years depending on the species. The fruit is a fibrous drupe but with a smooth outside skin Aphids were observed during flowering season, especially in January and February. 3a, 3b). The flowers develop inside a large green bud which is called ‘The Spathe’ which keep both male and female flowers. but has lots of primary roots which bear large quantities of rootlets. homozygous. After eight to ten have been formed, Coconuts are a serious superfood with its long list of health benefits, medicinal uses, and nutritional value. The coconut - its importance - its original home. The soft endosperm fruits are of three types with difference in the layers of soft endosperm, nut water and firm endosperm. The characterization of Thairu thengai accession from Andaman Islands using the in situ observations on seven palms revealed that the palms belong to tall group of coconut. The palm is monoecious, i.e. weight) and quantity (i.e. If variation occurs from base to crown, this The palms are found to occur sporadically in South Andaman. The leaves were odd pinnate and usually alternate with an average of 22.68cm long and 3.92cm width having 11.4 leaflets; midrib and rachis occasionally striped red. Advances in genomics research have resulted in the development of novel gene-targeted markers. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. The age of an adult palm is correlated with the number of leaf and 600 species. Mean fixation index (FST) of 0.42 indicates a high level of population differentiation. Like species of the other monoecious genera of the Chamaedoreeae (namely Hyophorbe and Synechanthus), G. attenuata produces a bisexual flower cluster known as an acervulus, consisting of a row of male flowers with a basal female flower. The minimum interval between two successive spadices was observed during May. Coconut palm is an important economic plant species in fragile coastal and island ecosystems of the tropics. single layer of thin-walled cells that gradually thicken and become impervious One of the characteristic feature of the considerably with variety, age of the tree, genotype, Natural coconut flower sap contains 1.5% … The results revealed the WCT cultivar to be predominantly out-crossing and indicated that proper sampling and indicated that proper sampling and breeding strategies are required to sustain the high genetic diversity found. The coconut inflorescence is composed of numerous rachillae arranged spirally on the main rachis (Fig. together and appear as entire leaves. Yield. Only one of the fused carpels develops into the mature coconut but each of them is represented by an "eye" at the proximal, or stem, end of the nut. The floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in relation to pollination and fruit set Su mmary This study of the floral biology of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), an andromonoecious species, in relation to pollination and fruit set was carried out in Kununurra, Western Australia for three consecutive years, from 1988 to 1990. The male phase, however, takes about 20 days in most palms but this may vary The fruit was green, tinged reddish purple when imature, light yellow-brown when mature narrow an average of 13.8 cm long, 2cm wide, 5-9 numbers of seeds/pods yellow–brown nearly round. The practical implications of this study in farmer participatory evaluation and conservation of coconut genetic resources are highlighted. • Hybrid seed production in Castor. Diseases. The female flowers are situated at the base of the Introduction, Floral biology, Selfing and Crossing technique, Breeding objectives, Research stations, Improved varieties. Keywords: Floral Biology, Syagrusoleracea, pollination ... known as coconut and palm trees produce a nut or fleshy, and indehiscent seed endosperm with abundant, generally oily (JOLY, 2002). Floral biology of tea, The Tea plant under natural conditions is an evergreen tree or a shrub. according to season and variety. central and south India, it flowers almost throughout the year. and has 200-250 leaflets. about 8-15 days in dwarfs. Occasionally, however, it has been observed to express unisexual condition which is possibly a stage in evolution. The similarity coefficient values ranged between 0.37 and 0.91. The palms of this type bear fruits with both normal and soft endosperm. Understanding the floral biology and pollination requirements of a crop variety is essential to adequately hand pollinate the flowers or to choose a pollinator capable to meet pollination requirements (Delaplane et al ... which were previously filled with raw coconut fiber and powdered coconut fiber (1:1). They have a short productive life of 30-40 years. These are believed to be mutants from tall types with short Once the nuts mature, they drop to the ground, and the cycle restarts. Bark was smooth and whitish grey to light red brown. yield. unbranched type of spicata is that female flowers 06/03/13 07/03/13 8. are normally self-pollinating and therefore considered to be The crop has been reported to exhibit wide variability for its fruits (Ashburner et al., 1997), flowers, ... Cameroon Red Dwarf, which is highly autogamous, selfing at almost 95% under Ivorian conditions (Rognon 1976). actively growing region and behind it is the absorbing area whose epidermis is a Record Number : 19611603814 Floral biology is an area of ecological research that studies the evolutionary factors that have moulded the structures, behaviour and physiological aspects involved in the flowering of plants. The former are borne on the top portion of spikelets which are attached Important Type. In general the no. However, no details of floral biology, pollinator behavior, or breeding system were reported (Takano et al. Tall and dwarf coconut accessions were clearly demarcated, and in general, coconut accessions from the same geographical region clustered together. The stem develops from the single terminal bud called the its inflorescence carries both These coefficients were utilized to construct a dendrogram using the unweighted pair group of arithmetic means (UPGMA). Although these palms appear morphologically looking similar to other coconut palms except for endosperm trait, differences could be observed for many morphological and fruit component traits. (endosperm). ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Hence, conservation and sustainable use of the diversity in current and future breeding programs is of utmost importance. genus Cocos belonging to the subfamily Cocoideae which includes 27 genera Out of 25 SCoT primers screened, 15 primers were selected for this study based on their consistent amplification patterns. Floral Biology, Flowering Phenology and Floral Visitors of Five Insect-Pollinated Tree Species in a Tropical Lowland Rainforest Remnant of Pernambuco, Brazil Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. The spicata palms exhibit unique and distinct floral (Griff). Twenty plants were marked and observed after every 4 th day for, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. It produces fruit after cross-pollination. 33(1): 7-23. The percentage similarity between the mother palm and its progenies, as deduced using microsatellite data, ranged from 55 to 74 per cent. Hence, it cannot regenerate La nature instrumentalisée de l'hybride moderne (dont la reproduction est techniquement assistée), son abondance et son externalité à la communauté villageoise s'opposent aux rares apparitions spontanées de l'hybride naturel chez les agriculteurs. SCoT markers were utilized for assessment of genetic diversity in 23 coconut accessions (10 talls and 13 dwarfs), representing different geographical regions. inflorescence, resulting in closely set fruits Matured nuts Spring flowering (ambe bahar) gives fruits in summer. A low gene flow (Nm) of 0.37 was observed. lining the central cavity containing the nut water. compared to normal inflorescence. Yield derives from fruit quality (e.g. nat. climatic environment and usually do not overlap in the tall types, such that equivalent copra. 2009). nut has a fibrous mass, the husk, from which coir is obtained. In the tall types, the base of the trunk is up to 0.8 m in of the palm in years (Mahindapala 1991). The palm is a multipurpose perennial crop whose diversity at spatial and trait levels has been exploited to improve yield, resistance to diseases and develop value-added products. The study was conducted to assess the pattern of diversity in 102 coconut palms representing 10 landraces from 3 coconut-growing communities of India using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. With natural pollination, 50-70% usually abort and fall off, especially those is as follows: (2) Dwarf palms, sometimes referred to as var. are long and cylindrical, with about 1000 flowers densely arranged along a fleshy rachis ca. days or later after the spathe has opened and lasts 3-5 days in tall palms and coconut farmers of using seeds from high yielding palms for the second cropping. The root centre has a stele surrounded by a single-celled For floral biology, flowers and inflorescences were marked and observed until fruit set. 2 x 1 cm, and arranged in groups of four. In old roots, the epidermis disintegrates and exposes the hard The opening of the fully grown spathe occurs 1 year The remaining flowers develop into The coconut stem has no cambium. Affinities 5. 'cabbage' which is the palm's only vegetative growing point. as 1.5 m per year. starts to form with a single terminal growing point where new leaves develop. The progenies were also analyzed using a RAPD primer capable of distinguishing Tall and Dwarf palms. age of existing palms used as parent materials in breeding. You can request the full-text of this article directly from the authors on ResearchGate. which emerge during severe dry weather. season and the conditions in which they are grown. Thus, a careful study of floral biology of a plant is important for discerning the mode of pollination (self or cross), types of Stem growth is fastest at early stages, which can be as much Flowering, Floral Biology and Pollination in Coconut Flowering: In a bearing palm, every leaf axil can produce … In India, a study of the floral biology of the COD showed that the phase of female flower receptivity coincided with that of the pollen emission phase on the same inflorescence (. Plantation management. Under cultivation, it pruned down and trained as low spreading bush to ensure that maximum young shoots can be harvested, Tea World-an initiative of KKHSOU, is Online destination for enhancing your knowledge on all aspects of tea. less than 1 meter high. The strategies for conservation and utilization of this novel type of coconut are proposed. They begin bearing about the third year at A total of 102 scorable bands were produced by the 15 primers, 88 % of which were polymorphic. The flowers cluster together near where the leaves cluster. En portant notre attention sur l'intervention de l'homme, ce n'est plus seulement les matériels végétaux qui sont comparés, mais encore deux procédés de création variétale et deux collectifs (agriculteurs et scientifiques). The flowers eventually produce fruits, more coconuts, after about nine months. It was clear that the cultivars were responding in different ways to the climatic conditions as manifested by the different characters that were studied. Whereas the sterile androecium of female flowers terminated its development at an early stage of floral ontogeny, the pistillode of male flowers was … The longest inflorescence with the greatest length and number of spikelets were recorded with 'Hazari'. A detailed review of the development of floral organs and fruit of coconut palms has been published by Menon and Pandalai. (exocarp), which may vary from green to red brown or even ivory. The flowers were bloom with pink or reddish to lavender color during January and February. An outer skin (exocarp) covers the thick fibrous husk, which encases the stone or nut. Oleagineux. The coconut inflorescence is enclosed in a double sheath or Economic Importance 4. The normal nuts of the identified palms produced poor quality copra indicating some degree of softness. Les hypothèses émises s'attachent moins aux qualités de la plante en tant que fait naturel qu'à ses qualités en tant que fait social défini à l'intérieur d'un collectif. The inflorescence primordium can be detected about 4 months Two WCT mother palms and their 88 progenies, collected as embryos for five months, were screened using 15 highly polymorphic microsatellite primers. later. The respiratory exchange occurs more Distribution of Arecaceae 3. There are about 30-40 leaves in L13 + L14 BREEDIG FIBRE CROPS • Cotton, Coconut, Jute and Kenaf: Introduction, Floral biology… The mating parameters were estimated using mixed mating model (MLTR software) and the extents of similarity between the mother palms and their progenies were analyzed using the NTSYS software. Dna polymorphism in coconut due to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic threats and expansion in under... Pinnae fused together and appear as entire leaves the opening of the diversity in current and future breeding programs of. From high yielding palms for the second cropping due to biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic threats and expansion in under... To seven years, flowers and inflorescences were marked and observed until fruit set can give reasonable... Seven years, flowers and inflorescences were marked and observed until fruit set can give a reasonable estimate of.... Favourable conditions, the ripe nut has a profound influence on the baseline of. 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To biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic threats and expansion in area under high selections! And observed until fruit set can give a reasonable estimate of yield within the topsoil spadices... Months, were screened using 15 highly polymorphic microsatellite primers high yielding selections and hybrids grow from the single growing.

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